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How ERC-404 Brings Fungible Tokens and NFTs Together

How ERC-404 Brings Fungible Tokens and NFTs Together

Non-fungible tokens (NFTs) have been one of the hottest trends in the crypto world, attracting millions of dollars and users to the digital art, collectables, gaming, and metaverse sectors.

However, NFTs also have some limitations, such as high transaction costs, low liquidity, and lack of interoperability. To address these challenges, a new token standard has emerged on the Ethereum blockchain called ERC-404. This standard combines the features of fungible tokens (FTs) and NFTs, creating a new type of token that can be both fungible and non-fungible, depending on the use case.

Today we explore what ERC-404 is, how it works, what are its benefits and drawbacks, and whether you should invest in it or not.

Key Takeaways

  • ERC-404 is an experimental token standard aiming to merge fungible and non-fungible tokens on the Ethereum blockchain.
  • It addresses NFT limitations like high costs and low liquidity and offers flexibility and enhanced interoperability, including features like fractional ownership.
  • However, it’s not yet an official standard and may lead to complexities and competition.
  • While ERC-404 brings innovation, some view it as over-hyped and potentially overshadowed by existing standards like ERC-1155.
  • Its true impact remains to be seen in both technology and market adoption.

What is ERC-404?

ERC-404 is an experimental token standard built on the Ethereum blockchain that aims to combine the functionalities of ERC-20 tokens (fungible tokens) and ERC-721 tokens (non-fungible tokens, or NFTs) into a single standard.

This means that ERC-404 tokens can be both fungible and non-fungible, depending on the specific implementation. For example, a token can start as an FT and be traded with other tokens of the same kind without losing any value, but once it is used or redeemed, it can become an NFT and gain unique characteristics and value. Alternatively, a token can start as an NFT and be fractionalized into smaller units that can be traded as FTs, but once the units are recombined, the token can regain its NFT identity.

The idea was proposed by the Pandora team, a project that is building a metaverse platform where users can create, explore, and trade digital worlds and assets. The first token to use this standard is the $pandora token, which represents a Pandora Box, an NFT that contains a Replicant, a unique digital creature that can evolve and interact with other Replicants. The $pandora token can be traded as an FT on decentralized exchanges (DEXs) like Uniswap, but once it is opened, it reveals the Replicant NFT inside, which can have different attributes and values.

How Does ERC-404 Work?

ERC-404 works by linking every issued token to an NFT, which acts as the source of truth for the token’s state and ownership. The NFT can have a base unit, which defines the minimum amount of tokens that can be transferred or exchanged.

For example, if the base unit is 100, then the token can be divided into 100 fractions, each representing 1% of the NFT. The token can also have a total supply, which defines the maximum number of tokens that can be issued for the NFT. For example, if the total supply is 1000, then the token can be minted up to 1000 times, each representing 0.1% of the NFT.

The standard defines four main functions for the token contract:

  • Mint: This function allows the token creator to issue new tokens for a given NFT up to the total supply limit. The function also checks if the NFT exists and if the token creator is the owner of the NFT.
  • Burn: This function allows the token holder to destroy tokens and reduce the total supply. The function also checks if the token holder owns enough tokens to burn and if the NFT exists.
  • Transfer: This function allows the token holder to send tokens to another address. The function also checks if the token holder owns enough tokens to transfer and if the NFT exists. Additionally, the function updates the ownership of the NFT according to the token balance. For example, if the token holder transfers all their tokens to another address, the NFT ownership is also transferred to that address. Conversely, if the token holder receives enough tokens to reach the base unit, the NFT ownership is also transferred to them.
  • BatchTransfer: This function allows the token holder to send multiple tokens to multiple addresses in one transaction. The function also checks if the token holder owns enough tokens to transfer and if the NFTs exist. Additionally, the function updates the ownership of the NFTs according to the token balances.

What Are the Benefits of ERC-404?

ERC-404 offers several advantages over the existing token standards, such as:

  • Increased liquidity: Being able to trade NFTs as fungible tokens on DEXs massively increases liquidity. This solves a major limitation with existing NFTs, which often suffer from low trading volume and high price volatility due to their uniqueness and scarcity.
  • Lower costs: Being able to batch transfer multiple tokens in one transaction reduces gas fees and saves time. This also solves another limitation with existing NFTs, which often incur high transaction costs due to their individuality and complexity.
  • Greater flexibility: Being able to switch between fungible and non-fungible modes gives token creators and users more options and possibilities. For example, token creators can use ERC-404 to create dynamic and interactive NFTs that can change their state and value based on certain events or actions. Token users can use it to access fractional ownership of NFTs, which lowers the barrier to entry and expands the potential market.
  • Enhanced interoperability: ERC-404 tokens can interact seamlessly with protocols and platforms in both the fungible token and NFT spaces, bridging these previously disconnected areas. For example, ERC-404 tokens can be used as collateral, governance, or utility tokens in DeFi protocols, or as assets, rewards, or currencies in NFT platforms.

What Are the Drawbacks of ERC-404?

ERC-404 is not without its challenges and limitations, such as:

  • Experimental status: As mentioned above, the ERC-404 is not an official Ethereum standard yet, but rather an experimental one that is subject to change and improvement. This means that there may be bugs, vulnerabilities, or compatibility issues with the standard, which could pose risks for token creators and users. Moreover, there may be legal and regulatory uncertainties regarding the status and treatment of such tokens, especially in jurisdictions that have strict rules for crypto assets.
  • Complexity: It is a complex and novel token standard that requires a deep understanding of blockchain technology and smart contracts. As this is new, developers who want to create them need to study the standard and its functions. Users who want to interact need to have a clear grasp of the token’s behaviour and logic, as well as the risks and benefits involved.
  • Competition: ERC-404 is not the only token standard that aims to combine fungibility and non-fungibility. There are other standards that have similar or different approaches, such as ERC-998 and ERC-1155. These standards may offer different features, advantages, or disadvantages than ERC-404, and may attract more adoption or support from the crypto community. Time will tell.

Should You Invest in ERC-404?

The answer to this question depends on your risk appetite, investment goals, and research. ERC-404 is a new and innovative token standard that has a lot of potential but also a lot of uncertainty. Investing in them could be rewarding but also risky. Therefore, you should do your own due diligence before investing in any crypto asset and only invest what you can afford to lose. Here are some factors to consider before investing:

  • The token’s use case: What is the purpose and value proposition of the token? How does it benefit from the ERC-404 standard? What problem does it solve, or what opportunity does it create? How does it compare to other tokens in the same or similar sector?
  • The token’s performance: How has the token performed in terms of price, volume, and market capitalization? What are the factors that influence its demand and supply? What are the trends and patterns that indicate its future direction?
  • The token community: How large, active, and engaged is the token community? How do they support and promote the token? How do they interact with the token team and other stakeholders? What are their feedback and opinions on the token?

Looking Forward

Taking this opportunity, I spoke to people in the industry asking how they look at this new standard. The feelings on the ground are mixed.

Batulzii, former chairman of the board at Cryptocurrency & Blockchain Association of Mongolia highlighted that ERC-404 increased liquidity for NFTs: “By making NFTs divisible and tradable like tokens, it helps overcome the inherent illiquidity issue of traditional NFTs. This can attract more investors and boost the overall NFT market.

“Fractional ownership unlocks new possibilities for ownership and investment, as people can now access valuable NFTs they couldn’t afford entirely, opening up participation to a wider audience.”

Batulzii, who is also the technology lead and founder of Sanchirtech, also warned that this new standard is still experimental and untested and that its complex design could harbour security vulnerabilities that haven’t been fully explored.

Alex Atashkar, co-founder of Seed.Photo, articulated the vision of their platform as the NFT marketplace dedicated exclusively to photographers. He emphasized the significance of not just showcasing art but anchoring it in genuine ownership and said that Seed.Photo’s is integrating the ERC-404 standard

Atashkar highlighted the team’s excitement about the potential of the ERC-404 standard for its unique capability to enable shared ownership of a single NFT by multiple wallets, a breakthrough in the digital art space. This feature opens up myriad possibilities, including tokenization for diverse purposes such as securing loans, staking, and collective art ownership.

From a crypto exchange perspective, I have asked John Inzo, Social Media Manager at HTX to comment on the topic. “This will be an interesting experiment to see how this will help or hurt Ethereum long-term.”

The Bottom Line

To sum things up, ERC-404 is a hybrid token standard that combines the features of fungible and non-fungible tokens, creating a new type of token that can be both fungible and non-fungible, depending on the use case.

I must say that ERC-404 is an exciting and innovative token standard that is revolutionizing the NFT space, but it is not for everyone. To be very honest, I personally think that ERC-404 is more hype than reality. The previous ERC-1155 could almost achieve the main functions of ERC-404, and ERC-1155 is more mature than ERC-404. The latter now seems to be just a modified version of the former. But we shall wait and see how the technology — and market reaction — plays out.

 

 

Source: https://www.techopedia.com/how-erc-404-brings-fungible-tokens-and-nfts-together

 

Anndy Lian is an early blockchain adopter and experienced serial entrepreneur who is known for his work in the government sector. He is a best selling book author- “NFT: From Zero to Hero” and “Blockchain Revolution 2030”.

Currently, he is appointed as the Chief Digital Advisor at Mongolia Productivity Organization, championing national digitization. Prior to his current appointments, he was the Chairman of BigONE Exchange, a global top 30 ranked crypto spot exchange and was also the Advisory Board Member for Hyundai DAC, the blockchain arm of South Korea’s largest car manufacturer Hyundai Motor Group. Lian played a pivotal role as the Blockchain Advisor for Asian Productivity Organisation (APO), an intergovernmental organization committed to improving productivity in the Asia-Pacific region.

An avid supporter of incubating start-ups, Anndy has also been a private investor for the past eight years. With a growth investment mindset, Anndy strategically demonstrates this in the companies he chooses to be involved with. He believes that what he is doing through blockchain technology currently will revolutionise and redefine traditional businesses. He also believes that the blockchain industry has to be “redecentralised”.

www.anndy.com
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Are Non-Fungible Tokens (NFT) Regulated? What Are The Concerns?

Are Non-Fungible Tokens (NFT) Regulated? What Are The Concerns?

The hype around NFT has slowed down. It seemed like NFT was slated for explosive growth in 2022, being named “word of the year” and coming off a record-high volume in January this year. But as it turns out, that was the peak. Looking at Q3 2022 NFT trading volume around the top 8 chains. There is a 76.4% trading volume decrease from Q2 2022 to Q3 2022.

Since then, the trading volume has tumbled 83% from the start of the year, according to Footprint Analytics’s data on CoinGeco. Recent months have logged numbers lower than July 2021, right before NFT summer. Most notably, Ronin and Avalanche have fallen out of the Top 8, replaced by ImmutableX and Panini. Recent sports mania has spilt over to the NFT space, propelling Flow into the Top 3. Solana’s NFT ecosystem doubled its September volume while all its competitors faltered.

During this period of time, where the market is bearish, you will see changes. For example, in Q3 Magic Eden gains grounds on OpenSea dominance. Magic Eden was the only one that saw growth in September, doublings its month-on-month volume and dominance, while the rest of its competitors continued to slip further. Magic Eden (22%) has gained ground on OpenSea’s (60%) dominance, but it remains to be seen if it can sustain its current momentum.

Another factor in sustaining the current momentum is aligning with the regulatory norms. There is still disagreement over how to handle NFTs, which makes it difficult to set clear regulatory norms. NFTs can now be seen in one of three ways: as commodities, securities, or intellectual property. Let’s explore each interpretation in more detail.

Commodities

Commodities are defined by US law as reasonably interchangeable services, goods, and rights, including money and interest rates, that are traded as commercial articles. The Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) asserts that cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin and Ethereum, as well as renewable energy credits and other intangible assets, are included in the definition of commodity.

If we take NFTs, they resemble cryptocurrencies in several ways. They may be bought and sold and are based on blockchain technology. In addition, the CFTC emphasises price manipulation and commodities exchanges more than it does on underlying assets and issuers. The Commodity Exchange Act (CEA) may be implemented if it is decided that NFTs should be classified as commodities. The CEA’s rules on manipulative trading may be applicable in this situation.

Securities

Most NFTs with a single owner and only one unique asset are unlikely to be securities. However, under certain situations, they might. If an NFT possesses security-like characteristics or otherwise satisfies the Howey test, such as when money or another kind of compensation is invested with a reasonable expectation that gains will result from others’ efforts, then the NFT may be subject to US securities legislation. A case-by-case Howey analysis is essential to ascertain if a specific NFT is a security. NFTs may, however, violate securities laws in the following situations, depending on the specifics:

  • NFTs are pre-sales of digital assets intended to be used on a platform that has not yet been developed, with the sale’s proceeds going toward developing the platform;
  • Digital assets can be “pooled” or “fractionalised” (for instance, in the case of art, when creators pool resources and divide profits, or where several NFTs reflect different investors’ fractional ownership of a single asset);
  • NFTs are a license to a digital asset (like a song) and a portion of its earnings (e.g., a percentage of sales).

Intellectual Property

NFTs might be covered by intellectual property rights such as copyright, design patents, and trademark protections. As a result, buyers of NFTs should be aware of any associated intellectual property rights. In fact, the license that comes with many or even most NFTs merely allows the NFT buyer to use, copy, and display the NFT.

A clip of renowned basketball star LeBron James’ slam dunk is an excellent illustration. The video was made available as a limited-edition NBA highlight video collector. The NBA collectables are available for purchase and sale on the Top Shot NFTs market. The NBA owns the copyright, nevertheless, and the rules of its licensing agreement continue to apply to any purchased item’s replication.

However, while most NFT producers place limitations on commercial use, other authors grant NFT owners broader rights. Members of the Bored Ape Yacht Club (BAYC) have the right to use their “apes” for commercial purposes, which allows them to produce and market hats, T-shirts, mugs, and other items.

Brand owners should consider how current or upcoming design patents can protect against imitations or infringement in addition to trademark and copyright protection. Because they grant owners full ownership of an infringer’s profits rather than just the fraction related to the use of the design, design patents are important intellectual property protections compared to other IP rights.

Fraud Schemes

Despite being a relatively new idea, NFTs are already being utilised to commit numerous forms of fraud. Here, we go over some of the most prominent NFT-related fraud schemes that have occurred:

  • Tokenisation– The process of producing digital tokens that reflect ownership of physical assets is known as tokenisation. This happens when someone steals an artist’s creation without their consent and “mints” it to create an NFT.
  • Wash trading– This is the practice of users manipulating transactions by trading with themselves or others to feign large demand for an NFT, manipulate its price, or enhance its visibility.
  • Insider trading– The practice of using information that is not generally known to benefit personally from it. In recent high-profile situations, employees and executives of NFT companies and markets have engaged in behaviour that may be viewed as unfair or illegal. Various events generate negative press for these organisations. NFT insider trading regulations frequently forbid buying NFTs based on secret information. Similarly, multiple forms of trading in business NFTs that aim to inappropriately manipulate the perceived price or trading volume of such NFTs are prohibited.
  • Anti-Money Laundering– NFTs, especially those with large value, may occasionally be utilised to aid in money laundering. A study on how the art market aids in the financing of terrorism and money laundering was released by the US Department of Treasury. The study covered a variety of topics, including the dangers of financial crimes in relation to digital art and NFTs. The study discovered that the high-value art market has several intrinsic characteristics that could make it susceptible to various financial crimes.

To Conclude

As we can see, the market for NFTs is still growing, and it will take some time until an appropriate regulatory framework for NFTs is put in place. Having said that, governments all over the world have already begun the process of developing NFT norms and standards, proving that they are seriously interested in these digital assets.

Additionally, you should be aware that the phenomenal success of NFTs will undoubtedly result in fraudulent activities. For this reason, it is becoming more and more crucial to conduct your research before purchasing or investing in NFT collections or projects.

 

Source: https://www.benzinga.com/22/10/29371369/are-non-fungible-tokens-nft-regulated-what-are-the-concerns

Anndy Lian is an early blockchain adopter and experienced serial entrepreneur who is known for his work in the government sector. He is a best selling book author- “NFT: From Zero to Hero” and “Blockchain Revolution 2030”.

Currently, he is appointed as the Chief Digital Advisor at Mongolia Productivity Organization, championing national digitization. Prior to his current appointments, he was the Chairman of BigONE Exchange, a global top 30 ranked crypto spot exchange and was also the Advisory Board Member for Hyundai DAC, the blockchain arm of South Korea’s largest car manufacturer Hyundai Motor Group. Lian played a pivotal role as the Blockchain Advisor for Asian Productivity Organisation (APO), an intergovernmental organization committed to improving productivity in the Asia-Pacific region.

An avid supporter of incubating start-ups, Anndy has also been a private investor for the past eight years. With a growth investment mindset, Anndy strategically demonstrates this in the companies he chooses to be involved with. He believes that what he is doing through blockchain technology currently will revolutionise and redefine traditional businesses. He also believes that the blockchain industry has to be “redecentralised”.

www.anndy.com
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Fungible after all? Duplicates may disrupt NFT industry after Ethereum Merge

Fungible after all? Duplicates may disrupt NFT industry after Ethereum Merge

The Merge is the most anticipated event in the crypto industry in years, but could the multibillion dollar non-fungible token industry become an unexpected casualty?

The expected “Merge” of the Ethereum blockchain this week could raise the risk of fraud and scams in the market for non-fungible tokens such as Bored Ape Yacht Club as analysts warn original and new versions of the tokens known as NFTs could confuse buyers.

The US$200 billion Ethereum network accounted for 70% of NFT trading activity in August, making it the world’s leading blockchain for such marketplaces run by companies like OpenSea.

However, the Merge of Ethereum to a proof-of-stake (PoS) network from a proof-of-work (PoW) will create duplicates of the NFTs from the original network, something the unscrupulous could take advantage of, Anndy Lian, author of the new book “NFT: From Zero to Hero,” told Forkast in an interview.

Scams are already prevalent in the NFT industry, which lacks oversight or regulatory protection, and any added confusion could generate more. Lian said some exchanges or marketplaces might temporarily stop transactions to address any complications or confusion that arise.

The Merge

The current Ethereum PoW network involves crypto mining companies using energy-gobbling computer farms to solve cryptographic equations that validate transactions on the blockchain, for which they are rewarded with Ether.

The shift to PoS – in which users validate transactions through “staked” ether – is expected to speed up and slash energy use on the network, which may mollify some critics who say the blockchain industry contributes to global warming.

However, Ethereum miners are less than happy as they see a business model evaporate that  leaves them with redundant and expensive computer farms that cannot be repurposed. Hence, some have pledged to fork the network and create a concurrent PoW Ethereum network.

This is where the potential NFT confusion comes in. All existing NFTs on the Ethereum blockchain will be duplicated on the new PoS system, but if a PoW fork exists, the original NFTs will continue to exist on that network as well.

And this is not just hypothetical, exchanges have had to explain to users what their policy will be regarding duplicates.

Real deal

Leading NFT marketplace OpenSea, which had about four times the sales volume over the last 30 days of its nearest competitor, Magic Eden, announced it was “solely supporting NFTs on the upgraded Ethereum PoS chain.”

Competing marketplace, Rarible, has taken a different approach, saying it recognizes the authenticity of any copies of NFTs created in the same wallet address when they were held on Ethereum.

Rarible noted another potential issue, saying the aggregate number of NFT collectibles may increase, which could depress the value of collections.

“It’s impossible to predict what the actual outcome will be, but it’s highly likely that duplicate NFTs will cause confusion,” said Rarible’s chief strategy officer and co-founder Alex Salnikov in an ­email to Forkast. “Especially for less experienced NFT collectors.”

Déjà vu

This scenario is not without precedent in the NFT market. One of the most popular NFT collections, CryptoPunks, is actually a re-issue of the original — now known as V1 CryptoPunks — to fix a bug in their programming.

However, as V2 CryptoPunks grew to be one of the largest NFT collections, a significant market in V1 versions grew among collectors who were looking to own a piece of NFT history.

CryptoPunks creators, Larva Labs, tried to squash this secondary market using legal means, but ultimately the V1 community won out and both versions can now be traded freely.

Ultimately, Lian believes the market will follow the PoS network as it is recognized as the “official version” of Ethereum.

The upside

The good news for would-be environmentally conscious NFT investors is that PoS is estimated to be roughly 99.95% more energy efficient than PoW, according to the Ethereum Foundation.

“This may cause a new, environmentally conscious user base to adopt the technology which would in turn help drive greater mass adoption of NFT and Web3 technology,” said Rarible’s Salnikov.

“Increasing activity on Ethereum may also bring about new innovative use cases for NFT technology and drive the development of new tools designed for the growing Web3 creator economy,” he added.

That could be good news for buyers whose NFTs denominated in Ether have dropped in value against the U.S. dollar since a peak in November.

But Lian said he is skeptical about the Merge turning the current NFT bear market around.

“I think that’s very wishful thinking.”

 

Source: https://forkast.news/fungible-duplicates-disrupt-nft-merge/

Anndy Lian is an early blockchain adopter and experienced serial entrepreneur who is known for his work in the government sector. He is a best selling book author- “NFT: From Zero to Hero” and “Blockchain Revolution 2030”.

Currently, he is appointed as the Chief Digital Advisor at Mongolia Productivity Organization, championing national digitization. Prior to his current appointments, he was the Chairman of BigONE Exchange, a global top 30 ranked crypto spot exchange and was also the Advisory Board Member for Hyundai DAC, the blockchain arm of South Korea’s largest car manufacturer Hyundai Motor Group. Lian played a pivotal role as the Blockchain Advisor for Asian Productivity Organisation (APO), an intergovernmental organization committed to improving productivity in the Asia-Pacific region.

An avid supporter of incubating start-ups, Anndy has also been a private investor for the past eight years. With a growth investment mindset, Anndy strategically demonstrates this in the companies he chooses to be involved with. He believes that what he is doing through blockchain technology currently will revolutionise and redefine traditional businesses. He also believes that the blockchain industry has to be “redecentralised”.

www.anndy.com
j j j