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The Fed pivots, but markets hold their breath

The Fed pivots, but markets hold their breath

At first glance, the sharp drop in US jobless claims to 191,000, the lowest level in over three years, should have sparked optimism. Fewer Americans filing for unemployment typically signals labour market resilience, which in turn supports consumer spending and broader economic activity. Despite this positive development, market participants remained unmoved, with equities trading in narrow ranges and volatility suppressed.

This disconnect underscores a deeper uncertainty about the path ahead, particularly as monetary policy remains in flux. National Economic Council Director Kevin Hassett’s public call for a 25 basis point interest rate cut at the upcoming December FOMC meeting adds another layer to the narrative, suggesting growing political and economic pressure on the Federal Reserve to pivot toward easing. While such a move may be anticipated by some, markets appear to be holding their breath, waiting not just for confirmation of a cut, but for evidence that it will mark the start of a durable easing cycle rather than a one-off adjustment.

Equity markets reflected this indecision. The S&P 500 inched up by 0.1 per cent, the Nasdaq gained 0.2 per cent, and the Dow Jones Industrial Average slipped by 0.1 per cent, painting a picture of consolidation rather than conviction. This sideways movement aligns with the broader implication that investors should maintain exposure to high-quality US equities while selectively exploring non-US value and mid-cap opportunities for alpha generation.

The emphasis on quality suggests that in an environment of ambiguous macro signals, investors are prioritising balance sheet strength, earnings visibility, and resilient business models. Meanwhile, the fixed-income market responded with modest yield increases. Ten-year US Treasury yields rose 3.5 basis points to 4.098 per cent, and two-year yields climbed 3.9 basis points to 3.523 per cent.

This upward move may seem counterintuitive ahead of an expected rate cut, but it likely reflects positioning shifts and the market pricing in both near-term easing and longer-term inflation or growth concerns. With spreads widening, however, bonds are regaining appeal as a defensive asset class, particularly for those looking to front-run the Fed’s pivot and lock in relatively attractive yields before they decline further.

In foreign exchange markets, the US dollar rebounded, but an important shift emerged in yen dynamics. The Japanese yen advanced 0.1 per cent to 155.10 against the dollar following reports that key members of Prime Minister Takaichi’s government would not oppose a potential Bank of Japan rate hike in December.

This development marks a subtle but significant shift in Japan’s policy stance, long anchored to ultra-loose monetary conditions. If the BoJ does act, even modestly, it would further narrow the yield differential between Japanese and US assets, likely fuelling additional yen strength. For global investors, this suggests a reorientation of capital flows and potential repricing of carry trades that have underpinned certain risk strategies for years.

In commodities, Brent crude rose 0.9 per cent to settle at US$63.26 per barrel, while gold held steady at US$2,407 per ounce, consolidating for a fourth consecutive day. Gold’s stability amid choppy risk sentiment reaffirms its role as a defensive hedge, especially as geopolitical uncertainties linger. Oil, meanwhile, remains hypersensitive to supply-chain disruptions and Middle East tensions, though demand concerns continue to cap its upside.

Turning to Asia, regional equities traded mixed, with Chinese markets showing signs of recovery. The rebound in China, supported by both policy expectations and valuation support, has prompted a strategic barbell approach, favouring both high-growth tech names and high-dividend, stable earners.

This duality captures the dual forces shaping China’s market: optimism over long-term innovation potential and pragmatism around near-term economic uncertainty. With US futures pointing higher, the global equity backdrop appears supportive, but the lack of strong directional momentum suggests that traders remain cautious until clearer signals emerge from next week’s labour market data.

The cryptocurrency market, however, diverged from this cautious stability, declining 1.36 per cent over the past 24 hours. This pullback encapsulates three distinct but interrelated dynamics. First, a significant leverage unwind occurred in Bitcoin markets, with US$86.78 million in liquidations, 58.98 million of which came from long positions. This surge in long squeezes, up 20 per cent from previous levels, coincided with a 4.4 per cent drop in perpetual futures open interest and elevated funding rates of plus 0.0027 per cent.

The spot-to-perpetual ratio of 0.21 further signalled an over-leveraged long bias, leaving the market vulnerable to even minor price corrections. As small dips triggered margin calls, cascading sell-offs amplified downside pressure. The Fear and Greed Index’s decline to 25, down from 27 just a day earlier, confirms a waning appetite for speculative risk.

Second, Ethereum’s much-anticipated Fusaka upgrade, launched on December 3, failed to sustain bullish momentum. Despite the technical improvement aimed at reducing transaction costs, ETH dipped 1.5 per cent as traders appeared to treat the event as a classic buy-the-rumour, sell-the-news scenario.

The upgrade itself represents a meaningful step forward for Ethereum’s scalability and user experience, but short-term market dynamics often prioritise positioning over fundamentals. With ETH’s 14-day relative strength index at 65.75, the asset remains in neutral territory, not yet oversold, but lacking immediate upside catalysts. This opens the door for further consolidation as the market digests the upgrade’s real-world impact.

Third, Binance’s announcement of a dual-CEO structure, appointing Yi He alongside Richard Teng, introduced a layer of governance uncertainty. While the move ostensibly balances innovation with compliance, markets interpreted it as a sign of internal recalibration, possibly influenced by lingering regulatory scrutiny and the indirect role of founder Changpeng Zhao.

The resulting 3.75 per cent weekly decline in BNB reflected broader concerns about platform stability and regulatory risk, which spilt over into the wider crypto ecosystem. In an environment already marked by caution, such leadership shifts can amplify bearish sentiment, particularly when they raise questions about strategic direction.

Taken together, these three forces, leverage flush, post-upgrade selloff, and governance concerns, explain the crypto market’s retreat. The rise in Bitcoin dominance to 58.7 per cent further underscores a flight to perceived safety within the digital asset space, as altcoins underperformed amid risk-off flows.

Looking ahead, all eyes turn to tomorrow’s US jobs data. A strong report could rekindle the positive correlation between Bitcoin and the Nasdaq, currently at plus 0.53, by reaffirming the narrative that crypto behaves as a risk asset in a growth-friendly macro regime. Conversely, any sign of labour market weakness might accelerate the Fed’s pivot, potentially reviving demand for yield-sensitive assets, including crypto.

For now, Bitcoin’s US$3.04 trillion Fibonacci support level stands as a critical test of market resilience. In a world where macro signals are improving, but sentiment remains subdued, the path forward will hinge on whether fundamentals can finally overpower fear.

 

Source: https://e27.co/the-fed-pivots-but-markets-hold-their-breath-20251205/

 

Anndy Lian is an early blockchain adopter and experienced serial entrepreneur who is known for his work in the government sector. He is a best selling book author- “NFT: From Zero to Hero” and “Blockchain Revolution 2030”.

Currently, he is appointed as the Chief Digital Advisor at Mongolia Productivity Organization, championing national digitization. Prior to his current appointments, he was the Chairman of BigONE Exchange, a global top 30 ranked crypto spot exchange and was also the Advisory Board Member for Hyundai DAC, the blockchain arm of South Korea’s largest car manufacturer Hyundai Motor Group. Lian played a pivotal role as the Blockchain Advisor for Asian Productivity Organisation (APO), an intergovernmental organization committed to improving productivity in the Asia-Pacific region.

An avid supporter of incubating start-ups, Anndy has also been a private investor for the past eight years. With a growth investment mindset, Anndy strategically demonstrates this in the companies he chooses to be involved with. He believes that what he is doing through blockchain technology currently will revolutionise and redefine traditional businesses. He also believes that the blockchain industry has to be “redecentralised”.

www.anndy.com
j j j

The Treasury Trap: How Crypto-Backed Stocks Are Trading Below Their Own Assets

The Treasury Trap: How Crypto-Backed Stocks Are Trading Below Their Own Assets

I’ve looked into the financial markets for over two decades, from the dot-com bubble to the global financial crisis, from the rise of passive ETFs to the wild west of crypto winters. But nothing in my career has felt quite as structurally precarious as the current collapse of the digital asset treasury company (DATC) model. It’s not just a market correction. It’s the implosion of a financial illusion built on leverage, narrative, and a dangerous assumption that arbitrage would hold forever. Today, the numbers speak for themselves: market-to-Net Asset Value (mNAV) ratios, the very heartbeat of these firms, are collapsing. Strategy, once the gold standard, now trades near an mNAV of 1.5. That might sound healthy until you realize it’s a steep discount from the 3x, 4x, even 5x premiums it once commanded. Worse, companies like Bitmine Immersion and SharpLink have already dipped below 1.0, meaning their stock prices are now less than the value of the Bitcoin or Ethereum they claim to hold. In plain terms, you could buy their shares, liquidate the company, and walk away with more crypto than the market is currently pricing in. That’s not a bargain, it’s a red flag waving violently in a hurricane.

 

Why is this happening? Because the model is breaking. Not bending. Breaking. And the cracks are spreading fast.

At the core of the rot is nonstop dilution. These companies rely heavily on At-The-Market (ATM) equity programs to raise capital. The idea was elegant in theory: when the stock trades above NAV, issue new shares, use the proceeds to buy more BTC or ETH, and watch the cycle compound. But in practice, it’s a self-cannibalizing machine. Every time they flood the market with new shares, Forward Industries, for instance, has an ATM program sized at $4 billion, the share price gets hammered by supply overload. This happens even as their crypto holdings grow. The result? A paradoxical situation where the company’s balance sheet strengthens while its equity valuation weakens. Retail investors, who bought in expecting to ride the coattails of Bitcoin’s rallies, are instead watching their holdings lag, or worse, decline, while BTC soars. Confidence evaporates. They exit. And that retail selling, combined with relentless dilution, creates a textbook death spiral: more shares issued, lower price per share, wider mNAV discount, more retail panic, even more pressure to raise capital via dilution. The gap between asset value and market perception doesn’t just widen; it yawns open like a fault line.

 

So what can these firms do? The options are grim, and none are sustainable without fundamental change.

One path is issuing high-yield preferred shares. On the surface, it sounds attractive: offer 8%, 10%, even 12% to lure yield-hungry investors back. But let’s be brutally honest, how does a company with no real revenue, no operating profits, and a stated mission to hold crypto forever generate the cash to pay that yield? The only liquid asset they have is the very Bitcoin or Ethereum they swore never to sell. To pay a dividend would be to betray their core thesis and signal desperation. It’s a non-starter.

Another idea is share buybacks. In normal markets, buybacks are a powerful tool to support valuation and signal confidence. But these companies don’t have cash reserves. They survive on new issuance. Their entire financial engine runs on selling equity to buy crypto. Where would the money for buybacks come from? It’s like trying to fill a bucket with a hole in the bottom using water from the same bucket. The math simply doesn’t work.

That leaves the nuclear option: direct redemptions. Allow shareholders to exchange their stock for the underlying BTC or ETH at NAV. This would instantly restore mNAV parity. No more discount. No more illusion. But this move would effectively transform these entities into exchange-traded funds. And that’s a regulatory line they cannot cross. The SEC has spent years carefully approving spot Bitcoin and Ethereum ETFs under strict custody, transparency, and investor protection rules. A backdoor redemption mechanism would trigger immediate regulatory intervention, likely a halt in trading, enforcement actions, or forced restructuring. The moment they offer redemptions, they’re no longer a strategic treasury; they’re an unregistered investment company. The legal risk is existential.

This entire house of cards was built on a playbook pioneered by Michael Saylor’s Strategy, which raised $27 billion to accumulate Bitcoin. The market rewarded it with massive premiums because it was first, credible, and operated with a degree of transparency. But imitation is not innovation. Companies like Metaplanet in Japan tried to copy the model, and dozens more rushed in, believing the premium was a permanent feature, not a temporary anomaly of early-mover advantage and market euphoria. Now, as the arbitrage breaks, when the stock no longer reliably tracks or outperforms the underlying asset, the cycle ends. These firms weren’t Bitcoin treasuries. They were volatility wrappers. And every wrapper, no matter how shiny, eventually unwinds.

 

But the deeper, more troubling truth is how these companies are born and funded. This isn’t public finance as we know it. It’s a shadow system of corporate alchemy.

The creation process bypasses traditional IPO safeguards entirely. There are three dominant playbooks, all designed for speed and opacity. The first is the reverse merger: find a dying public shell, no revenue, few shareholders, trading on fumes, take control, rebrand, and emerge as a digital asset treasury. TRON did this with SRM Entertainment. Janover became DeFi Development Corp. overnight. The second is the SPAC route: merge with a special purpose acquisition company that’s already public, clean, and hungry for a deal. The third is the silent takeover: quietly buy 51% of a microcap stock from insiders or on the open market, stage a board coup, and pivot the company’s entire identity without a formal merger filing. Over 30 companies in 2025 alone have used one of these three models. The infrastructure is now industrialized. You don’t need a product, a team, or a track record. You just need legal control of a broken ticker and a compelling crypto narrative.

Funding follows the same pattern of opacity. These aren’t startups raising from VCs based on technology or traction. They’re capital markets machines built to convert stock price hype into crypto holdings. They use three high-speed mechanisms. First, PIPEs, Private Investment in Public Equity deals, where institutional insiders buy large blocks of stock at a steep discount, behind closed doors. TRON raised $100 million this way. Strive Asset Management pulled in $750 million. Forward Industries secured $1.65 billion for Solana plays alone. These aren’t seed rounds, they’re pre-arranged liquidity events for insiders.

Second, convertible notes: debt instruments that convert into equity if the stock price rises. GameStop raised $2.7 billion this way to buy Bitcoin. Nano Labs prepped $500 million for BNB. It’s debt disguised as equity, a ticking time bomb of future dilution that explodes the moment the stock rallies.

Third, ATM programs, which we’ve already discussed. The reflexive loop is clear: hype the narrative, stock trades above NAV, sell shares, buy crypto, re-hype, repeat. It’s a closed loop that works beautifully, until it doesn’t. And when it breaks, retail investors are left holding the bag.

This brings us to the most corrosive element of all: insider trading isn’t an exception in this space, it’s the operating model. Information leaks at every stage. Legal firms drafting merger documents. Exchanges prepping wallet integrations. Advisors whispering to favored funds. But the most egregious leaks happen during roadshows, the private investor meetings that precede public announcements. SharpLink’s stock was flat until day two of its roadshow. Then, it spiked 1,000% before the deal even closed. That’s not organic market discovery. That’s privileged information being weaponized. Insiders get in early, often for pennies, then dump on retail once the hype hits social media. This is the new digital IPO: no lockups, minimal disclosure, zero accountability.

I have seen cycles come and go, I’m deeply skeptical that this model survives another bull run. The structural flaws are too severe, the incentives too misaligned, the regulatory risks too high. The mNAV collapse is the market’s verdict: these wrappers add cost, risk, and opacity without delivering the promised premium. If mNAV stays below 1, the illusion is over. There’s no magic. No alchemy. Just underperforming shells trading at a discount to the very assets they’re supposed to represent.

To founders, traders, and investors: if you’re not asking who minted the company, who funded it in private, and who front-ran the announcement, you’re not an investor, you’re exit liquidity. And in this game, the house always wins. Until it doesn’t.

 

Source: https://www.benzinga.com/Opinion/25/10/48273792/the-treasury-trap-how-crypto-backed-stocks-are-trading-below-their-own-assets

Anndy Lian is an early blockchain adopter and experienced serial entrepreneur who is known for his work in the government sector. He is a best selling book author- “NFT: From Zero to Hero” and “Blockchain Revolution 2030”.

Currently, he is appointed as the Chief Digital Advisor at Mongolia Productivity Organization, championing national digitization. Prior to his current appointments, he was the Chairman of BigONE Exchange, a global top 30 ranked crypto spot exchange and was also the Advisory Board Member for Hyundai DAC, the blockchain arm of South Korea’s largest car manufacturer Hyundai Motor Group. Lian played a pivotal role as the Blockchain Advisor for Asian Productivity Organisation (APO), an intergovernmental organization committed to improving productivity in the Asia-Pacific region.

An avid supporter of incubating start-ups, Anndy has also been a private investor for the past eight years. With a growth investment mindset, Anndy strategically demonstrates this in the companies he chooses to be involved with. He believes that what he is doing through blockchain technology currently will revolutionise and redefine traditional businesses. He also believes that the blockchain industry has to be “redecentralised”.

www.anndy.com
j j j

Why tonight’s inflation report could shake global markets to their core

Why tonight’s inflation report could shake global markets to their core

July Consumer Price Index (CPI) data is a critical indicator of inflationary trends that could shape monetary policy and asset prices worldwide. The muted global risk sentiment reflects a cautious stance among investors, driven by uncertainty surrounding the inflation report and its implications for Federal Reserve policy.

Meanwhile, President Donald Trump’s executive order extending the China tariff deadline by 90 days into early November has provided a temporary reprieve, lifting sentiment in Asian markets. However, Wall Street’s cautious retreat from near-record highs, coupled with developments in cryptocurrencies like Ethereum and Bitcoin, underscores the intricate interplay of macroeconomic data, trade policies, and speculative assets in shaping market dynamics.

The US July CPI report, due tonight, is a focal point for markets, as it will provide insight into whether inflationary pressures are intensifying or moderating. Economists project a year-over-year headline inflation increase of 2.8 per cent, up 10 basis points from June’s 2.7 per cent, with core CPI, which excludes volatile food and energy prices, expected to rise 0.3 per cent month-over-month and 3.0 per cent annually. These figures are critical because they could influence the Federal Reserve’s decision on interest rates at its September meeting.

A softer-than-expected CPI reading could bolster expectations for a 25-basis-point rate cut, signalling that the Fed views inflation as manageable and is prioritising economic growth amid signs of a slowing labour market. Conversely, a higher-than-expected figure could dampen hopes for immediate rate cuts, as persistent inflation driven by tariffs and supply chain pressures might force the Fed to maintain its current stance. This uncertainty has kept investors on edge, contributing to a cautious tone in global markets.

The recent executive order from President Trump extending the China tariff deadline by 90 days has introduced a layer of optimism, particularly in Asian equity markets. The decision, while light on specifics, signals a temporary de-escalation in US-China trade tensions, which have been a significant driver of market volatility in 2025.

Asian equity indices opened higher this morning, reflecting relief that the immediate threat of escalated tariffs has been deferred. This extension aligns with earlier trade agreements, such as the May 12 deal that paused additional tariffs and set US tariffs on Chinese imports at 30 per cent, while China lowered its tariffs on US goods to 10 per cent.

However, the fluid nature of trade policy under the Trump administration keeps markets wary. A social media post from the White House on May 30 suggested that China may have violated the agreement, raising the specter of renewed tariffs. Such unpredictability underscores the fragility of the current truce and its potential to disrupt global trade and inflation dynamics.

Wall Street’s reaction to these developments has been subdued, with major indices like the S&P 500, NASDAQ, and Dow Jones retreating slightly from near-record levels, declining by 0.3 per cent, 0.3 per cent, and 0.5 per cent, respectively. This pullback reflects investor caution ahead of the CPI data, as a higher-than-expected inflation reading could pressure risk assets, including equities and cryptocurrencies.

US treasury futures have shown limited volatility, with yields remaining rangebound, indicating that bond markets are also in a wait-and-see mode. The US Dollar Index, up 0.3 per cent, has benefited from this cautious sentiment, as investors seek safe-haven assets amid uncertainty. Gold, however, retreated 1.4 per cent to US$3,351 per ounce after Trump clarified that bullion imports would be exempt from tariffs, reducing its appeal as a hedge against trade-related inflation.

In the commodity markets, Brent crude oil edged up 0.1 per cent, consolidating at higher levels despite a lack of significant news flow. The oil market’s stability reflects a balance between demand concerns and supply dynamics, with OPEC+ reportedly considering a larger-than-expected production hike.

This development could cap upside potential for oil prices, particularly if trade tensions resurface and dampen global demand. The interplay between tariffs, inflation, and commodity prices remains a critical factor for investors, as higher input costs could further fuel inflationary pressures, complicating the Federal Reserve’s policy calculus.

The cryptocurrency market, meanwhile, has emerged as a bright spot amid the broader caution. Ethereum has outperformed Bitcoin in year-to-date gains, rising 29 per cent to US$4,311.58 compared to Bitcoin’s 28 per cent increase to US$120,020.83. Ethereum’s surge past the US$4,000 mark, a level not seen since December 2024, reflects growing institutional demand and inflows into US spot Ethereum exchange-traded funds (ETFs).

These funds have attracted US$5 billion in net inflows over the past month, with total assets under management reaching US$20 billion since their launch in July 2024. Digital asset treasury companies (DATs) are also stockpiling ETH, emulating the strategy pioneered by Bitcoin advocate Michael Saylor. This institutional buying has bolstered Ethereum’s price, despite a 0.9 per cent daily decline, and highlights the increasing integration of cryptocurrencies into mainstream finance.

Bitcoin, while slightly trailing Ethereum in year-to-date performance, has also seen significant gains, climbing above US$122,000 over the weekend. The total cryptocurrency market capitalisation has surged to US$4.1 trillion, reflecting renewed investor enthusiasm. The correlation between Bitcoin and US equity markets has strengthened since mid-July, suggesting that cryptocurrencies are increasingly viewed as risk assets sensitive to macroeconomic developments.

Options market activity underscores this dynamic, with Bitcoin options open interest at US$43 billion and Ethereum at US$13.9 billion, approaching record highs. Traders are positioning for volatility around the CPI release, with elevated open interest indicating both hedging against downside risks and bets on further upside momentum. Short-call covering in Bitcoin options suggests reduced bearish sentiment, but implied volatility is expected to remain high until the CPI data provides clarity.

From my perspective, the current market environment reflects a delicate balance between optimism and caution. The extension of the China tariff deadline offers a reprieve, but the lack of clarity on trade policy keeps investors on edge. The CPI report will be a pivotal moment, as it could either reinforce expectations for a dovish Federal Reserve or signal persistent inflationary pressures that delay rate cuts.

The resilience of cryptocurrencies like Ethereum and Bitcoin, driven by institutional adoption and ETF inflows, highlights their growing role as alternative assets in a volatile macroeconomic landscape. However, their correlation with equities suggests that a negative surprise in the CPI data could trigger a broader sell-off in risk assets.

The Federal Reserve faces a challenging path. Two Fed governors, Michelle Bowman and Christopher Waller, dissented in the last meeting, advocating for rate cuts due to signs of a slowing labor market and their belief that tariff-driven inflation may be transitory.

However, Fed Chair Jerome Powell has emphasised a data-dependent approach, and a higher-than-expected CPI reading could strengthen the case for holding rates steady. The labor market, while still robust, shows signs of softening, with recent revisions slashing job growth figures for May and June to 19,000 and 14,000, respectively. These figures, the lowest two-month job growth since April 2021, add pressure on the Fed to balance its dual mandate of price stability and maximum employment.

Asian markets’ positive response to the tariff deadline extension underscores the global sensitivity to US trade policy. However, the risk of retaliation from trading partners, such as the EU’s potential €95 billion countermeasures, looms large.

Tariffs have already driven price increases in categories like furniture, auto parts, and electronics, contributing to inflation expectations of 4.4 per cent in the coming year, according to the University of Michigan’s consumer sentiment survey. Despite these concerns, consumer sentiment improved in July to 61.8, reflecting resilience in the face of tariff threats and robust retail sales data.

In conclusion, the US CPI report serves as a critical catalyst. The interplay of trade policy, inflation, and monetary policy will shape market sentiment in the coming weeks. Cryptocurrencies, particularly Ethereum, are carving out a significant role in this environment, driven by institutional demand and speculative interest.

However, the risks of higher inflation and renewed trade tensions could disrupt the current rally in risk assets. Investors should remain vigilant, balancing opportunities in equities and digital assets with the need to hedge against potential volatility. The next few days will be crucial in determining whether the current cautious optimism gives way to renewed confidence or a retreat into risk-off sentiment.

 

Source: https://e27.co/why-tonights-inflation-report-could-shake-global-markets-to-their-core-20250812/

Anndy Lian is an early blockchain adopter and experienced serial entrepreneur who is known for his work in the government sector. He is a best selling book author- “NFT: From Zero to Hero” and “Blockchain Revolution 2030”.

Currently, he is appointed as the Chief Digital Advisor at Mongolia Productivity Organization, championing national digitization. Prior to his current appointments, he was the Chairman of BigONE Exchange, a global top 30 ranked crypto spot exchange and was also the Advisory Board Member for Hyundai DAC, the blockchain arm of South Korea’s largest car manufacturer Hyundai Motor Group. Lian played a pivotal role as the Blockchain Advisor for Asian Productivity Organisation (APO), an intergovernmental organization committed to improving productivity in the Asia-Pacific region.

An avid supporter of incubating start-ups, Anndy has also been a private investor for the past eight years. With a growth investment mindset, Anndy strategically demonstrates this in the companies he chooses to be involved with. He believes that what he is doing through blockchain technology currently will revolutionise and redefine traditional businesses. He also believes that the blockchain industry has to be “redecentralised”.

www.anndy.com
j j j