Exploring Brian Armstrong’s 10 Favorite Ideas in Crypto

Exploring Brian Armstrong’s 10 Favorite Ideas in Crypto

From flatcoins to international payroll on the blockchain – Coinbase CEO Brian Armstrong’s vision for the future is sweeping.

Cryptocurrency was once a fledgling field dominated by tech enthusiasts, but it has now captured the imagination of innovators globally.

And with it, the next wave of blockchain business ideas and how they can impact the world are a key focus for companies such as Coinbase.

Disruptive technologies and the convergence of the traditional financial world with digital currencies present an unprecedented paradigm shift – but work still needs to be done.

We dig into the businesses Armstrong would be “starting today if he could” and how these would affect the world of tomorrow.

I’m sometimes asked, if you were to start another crypto company today, what would it be? The crypto space is in its infancy. In five years, many entrepreneurs will be looking back wishing they had started a crypto company in 2023. Bear markets are for building, so why not start today?

I decided to share my 10 top ideas with the hope that someone goes out and builds them. Ideas are cheap. It’s the hard work and determination to go build them that will be challenging. Coinbase has the resources to build a lot in crypto, but we don’t have time to build everything.

Coinbase’s Clarion Call for Innovation

Brian Armstrong’s video and post this week aren’t merely about capitalizing on a trend but pioneering the next wave of innovations that could redefine society’s economic fabric.

Coinbase, one of the crypto industry’s juggernauts, sees an even grander future.

By highlighting areas ripe for exploration and disruption, Armstrong seeks to catalyze a collective push into new realms, opening doors to solutions that have only been imagined so far.

This comes ahead of the Coinbase Ventures Summit, which aims to bring together 30-40 builders to shift the boundaries of crypto innovation.

Let’s delve deeper into each of these crypto frontiers to truly grasp their potential.

Brian Armstrong’s Top 10 Crypto Ideas

1. Flatcoin: Reinventing Currency

Armstrong’s envisioning of a ‘flatcoin’ is a technical marvel and a societal game-changer.

It sets out to resolve the inconsistencies in traditional currency values and the disparities caused by inflation that still plague fiat-pegged stablecoins.

By mirroring consumer prices, flatcoins could bring stability in a volatile financial landscape, and with decentralized operations, they could bypass governmental controls and market speculations, ensuring a more egalitarian global economy.

The true beauty lies in its potential to become a universally accepted medium of exchange without the baggage of regional economic pressures.

2. On-chain Reputation: Trust in a Trustless World

In an era where anonymity is both a boon and a curse, a decentralized reputation system is no less than revolutionary.

Armstrong’s idea transcends mere online reviews; it aims to create a robust, unfalsifiable ledger of trust.

Businesses and individuals alike could benefit. Imagine entering any transaction armed with an indisputable record of the other party’s history – this could redefine due diligence, lending practices, or even simple online trades.

“I think on-chain reputation should be expanded into ‘on-chain credit score,’” said Anndy Lian, an inter-governmental blockchain expert and book author of Blockchain Revolution 2030.

“Decentralized identity solutions like ENS provide a foundation for trust; however, knowing who to trust among the vast number of participants in a decentralized network remains challenging. On-chain credit scores could act as a reliable indicator of the trustworthiness of an entity.

Lian added: “Thinking further, on-chain credit scores could also play a role in distributing airdrops more equitably; VIPs or users with higher on-chain credit scores could be rewarded for their participation and positive contributions to the network.

“While all these are good to have, I still want to caution that the accuracy of the on-chain data used to calculate credit scores is crucial. Garbage in, garbage out—meaning the credit scores could be unreliable if the data is flawed or manipulated.”

3. On-chain Ads: The Evolution of Advertising

With Web 3.0, the Internet will no longer be a static repository; it will become an ever-evolving organism tailored to individual users.

In this setting, on-chain advertising has the potential to redefine marketing dynamics; instead of being intrusive, ads could become informative and welcomed.

Based on transparent metrics, advertisers can provide genuine value to consumers – Armstrong’s vision could spell the end of ‘spray and pray’ marketing tactics, moving towards precision and authenticity.

4. On-chain Capital Formation: Democratizing Fundraising

Armstrong taps into the shortcomings of present-day fundraising mechanisms – the exclusivity of venture capitalism or the geographically confined nature of crowdfunding.

Envisaging a crypto-powered platform, capital could flow seamlessly across borders, championing projects solely based on merit.

Innovators worldwide could access funds, removing traditional barriers and leveling the entrepreneurial playing field.

5. Job/Task Marketplace for Crypto: Bridging Global Labor

With its geographical and economic barriers, the conventional job market often leaves talent untapped.

Armstrong’s proposed crypto job marketplace can transcend these barriers; professionals worldwide could offer their expertise, ensuring a global talent pool.

It wouldn’t just be about getting tasks done; it would be about getting them done by the very best, irrespective of where they reside.

6. Privacy for Layer 2: Transactional Privacy in the Spotlight

Privacy concerns are paramount in an increasingly interconnected world; the dichotomy between transparency and privacy becomes evident as blockchain expands.

Armstrong’s push for layer 2 privacy solutions underscores the need for personal and business transactions to remain confidential without sacrificing blockchain’s inherent transparency.

This strategic move could bolster widespread blockchain adoption, assuring businesses and individuals of their confidentiality.

7. P2P Exchange Fully On-chain: Decentralizing Trade

Centralized exchanges, while popular, often become single points of failure in the crypto space.

Armstrong’s vision for a fully on-chain P2P exchange aims to circumvent this issue; users could enjoy direct trades without the intervention of third parties, resulting in reduced fees, increased security, and enhanced autonomy.

It’s not merely about trading assets but redefining the essence of trade.

8. On-chain Games: Immersive Gaming with Crypto

Armstrong recognizes that the gaming industry is not just about entertainment; it’s an evolving economy.

Integrating crypto mechanisms can allow gamers absolute ownership of in-game assets; this integration could spawn a marketplace where virtual items hold tangible value, blurring the lines between virtual economies and real-world financial systems.

Gamers could then transition from mere players to stakeholders.

9. Tokenizing Real World Assets: Merging Real and Virtual

The tokenization of assets isn’t a novelty, but Armstrong’s perspective takes it to new heights.

Beyond stocks or commodities, envision a world where art, property, or intellectual properties can be effortlessly traded on decentralized platforms.

It democratizes asset ownership, making investments more accessible to the average individual and potentially revolutionizing wealth distribution.

10. Software To Start and Manage Network States: Building Communities

Beyond crypto’s financial implications, Armstrong envisages a future where blockchain-backed software can nurture, manage, and govern communities.

This could encompass everything from niche online forums to sprawling digital cities; elements like voting, community contributions, and governance could be seamlessly managed, heralding an era of organized, transparent, and democratic digital communities.

The Bottom Line

The crypto realm, as painted by visionaries like Armstrong, isn’t a mere extension of the present – it’s a bold leap into the future.

As we venture into the heart of Armstrong’s visionary outlook, it becomes clear that he isn’t merely projecting the cryptocurrencies and tools of the future but also how its underlying technology might influence every facet of our society.

From transforming fundamental financial structures to reshaping the paradigms of trust, advertising, and even gaming, Armstrong paints a comprehensive picture.

A future where assets, digital or tangible, are accessible to all, where trust is algorithmic, and where borders, both geographically and ideationally, fade.

As traditional financial systems intertwine with crypto innovations, we can witness the dawn of an era where immediate settlements, democratized access, and seamless integrations become the norm.

This isn’t just technological advancement; it’s a societal evolution.

 

Source: https://www.techopedia.com/exploring-brian-armstrongs-10-favorite-ideas-in-crypto

Anndy Lian is an early blockchain adopter and experienced serial entrepreneur who is known for his work in the government sector. He is a best selling book author- “NFT: From Zero to Hero” and “Blockchain Revolution 2030”.

Currently, he is appointed as the Chief Digital Advisor at Mongolia Productivity Organization, championing national digitization. Prior to his current appointments, he was the Chairman of BigONE Exchange, a global top 30 ranked crypto spot exchange and was also the Advisory Board Member for Hyundai DAC, the blockchain arm of South Korea’s largest car manufacturer Hyundai Motor Group. Lian played a pivotal role as the Blockchain Advisor for Asian Productivity Organisation (APO), an intergovernmental organization committed to improving productivity in the Asia-Pacific region.

An avid supporter of incubating start-ups, Anndy has also been a private investor for the past eight years. With a growth investment mindset, Anndy strategically demonstrates this in the companies he chooses to be involved with. He believes that what he is doing through blockchain technology currently will revolutionise and redefine traditional businesses. He also believes that the blockchain industry has to be “redecentralised”.

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Exploring NFTs: From Zero to Hero – Insights from Anndy Lian

Exploring NFTs: From Zero to Hero – Insights from Anndy Lian

In a recent discussion, we had the privilege of sitting down with Anndy, a distinguished figure in the world of blockchain and cryptocurrency. The focal point of our conversation revolved around his newly authored book, “NFTs: A Journey from Zero to Hero,” which delves into the intricacies of non-fungible tokens (NFTs) and how they have been misinterpreted within the industry.

Unraveling the Motivation Behind the Book
NFTs have taken the digital realm by storm, yet misconceptions about them abound. Anndy, with his vast experience, identified the need to clarify these misunderstandings. He recounted observing many respected acquaintances who owned significant blockchain-based enterprises falling prey to fraudulent schemes. This observation served as a catalyst for his book, as he was determined to equip individuals with a comprehensive understanding of NFTs.

Anndy’s mission was twofold: Firstly, he aimed to demystify NFTs by offering a crystal-clear definition of what they entail. Secondly, he sought to empower readers with practical insights, enabling them to navigate the NFT landscape without necessarily resorting to expensive consultations.

A Book Rooted in Experience and Authenticity
The uniqueness of Anndy’s book lies in its authenticity. Every piece of advice and guidance stems from his personal experiences and endeavors. Unlike other sources, the strategies and tools outlined in the book have been tried and tested by Anndy himself, providing readers with a sense of reassurance.

Anndy’s book emerges as a guidepost, offering readers a roadmap for entering the world of NFTs with confidence. His aim was not only to educate but to instill a feeling of empowerment among his readers, encouraging them to explore this innovative domain fearlessly.

Beyond “Zero to Hero”: A Glimpse into the Future
As the conversation continued, Anndy hinted at his upcoming literary endeavor. His new book, currently in progress, focuses on decentralization and its profound impact on technology and society. The title, “Decentralization: Redefining the Web,” hints at the broader scope of this work.

Anndy envisions a world where decentralization goes beyond eliminating intermediaries. He believes in a more profound application—one that challenges the conventional understanding of decentralization by integrating elements of artificial intelligence and automation. This vision, he asserts, will drive a sustainable transformation of industries, transcending the limitations of current paradigms.

Embracing the Future with Web 4.0
Anndy’s forward-looking perspective extends beyond the mere present. He views the emergence of Web 4.0 as an opportune moment for revolutionary change. While Web 3.0 has laid the groundwork for blockchain integration, Anndy emphasizes that Web 4.0 introduces a higher level of sophistication, driven by the fusion of artificial intelligence and decentralized architecture.

As the interview concluded, Anndy expressed his desire to witness the growth of informed and collaborative communities within the cryptocurrency space. He envisions communities that not only educate but also foster genuine understanding among participants. Additionally, he reiterated his commitment to working alongside governmental entities, believing that bridging gaps with influential stakeholders is essential for catalyzing positive changes.

In a parting note, Anndy hinted at the imminent release of his next book, leaving us eagerly awaiting his continued insights and contributions to the evolving landscape of blockchain and cryptocurrency.

In conclusion, our conversation with Anndy provided invaluable insights into the world of NFTs and decentralized technologies. His dedication to dispelling myths and his visionary outlook make him a beacon of knowledge and innovation in the crypto realm. We eagerly anticipate the release of his upcoming book and the transformative ideas it promises to unveil. Until then, as Anndy’s journey unfolds, we can only imagine the profound impact he will continue to have on the future of blockchain technology.

Anndy Lian is an early blockchain adopter and experienced serial entrepreneur who is known for his work in the government sector. He is a best selling book author- “NFT: From Zero to Hero” and “Blockchain Revolution 2030”.

Currently, he is appointed as the Chief Digital Advisor at Mongolia Productivity Organization, championing national digitization. Prior to his current appointments, he was the Chairman of BigONE Exchange, a global top 30 ranked crypto spot exchange and was also the Advisory Board Member for Hyundai DAC, the blockchain arm of South Korea’s largest car manufacturer Hyundai Motor Group. Lian played a pivotal role as the Blockchain Advisor for Asian Productivity Organisation (APO), an intergovernmental organization committed to improving productivity in the Asia-Pacific region.

An avid supporter of incubating start-ups, Anndy has also been a private investor for the past eight years. With a growth investment mindset, Anndy strategically demonstrates this in the companies he chooses to be involved with. He believes that what he is doing through blockchain technology currently will revolutionise and redefine traditional businesses. He also believes that the blockchain industry has to be “redecentralised”.

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NFTs and Big Brands: Exploring new possibilities

NFTs and Big Brands: Exploring new possibilities

The surge in popularity of NFTs, which are unique digital tokens that cannot be replicated, has recently captured the attention of notable corporations. Big names such as Marvel (a subsidiary of Disney), Coca-Cola, Gucci, Pizza Hut, KFC, Taco Bell, Lamborghini, and Hot Wheels (which is owned by Mattel) have joined the frenzy by delving into novel ways of integrating NFTs into their advertising schemes. Consequently, there has been a surge of fervor and anticipation amongst the masses, with many enthusiasts itching to partake in this latest trend.

The value that the big brands bring to the table is tremendous, and this is the same topic that I presented at NFT NYC in April 2023- “Think Bigger In The Next NFT Summer”. The big brand will take the lead. They are utilizing the distinctive properties of NFTs to enhance customer interactions and experiences, boost brand recognition, stimulate purchases, and promote diverse campaigns.

They generate and vend NFTs, providing patrons with exclusive and distinctive digital items like virtual collectibles, artwork, and experiences. These NFTs are singular and unrepeatable, thus giving them a high intrinsic value that’s coveted by consumers. I will walk you through some examples.

Starbucks

Starbucks has entered the cryptocurrency world with a new rewards program named Starbucks Odyssey, developed using the Ethereum scaling network Polygon. This program offers customers an exciting opportunity to acquire and earn collectible non-fungible token (NFT) stamps that can be used for various purposes. Starbucks chose Polygon over other blockchains because of its “proof-of-stake” blockchain technology, which consumes less energy than first-generation “proof-of-work” blockchains.

The demand for Starbucks Odyssey has been unprecedented and garnered an overwhelming response from the initial beta testers. Since Starbucks Odyssey’s beta launch in December 2022, its stamp NFTs have garnered a remarkable 360 total sales, amassing over $143,000 in total sales on the official secondary marketplace of Nifty Gateway. Starbucks has partnered with Polygon to evaluate Web3’s potential in influencing brand loyalty, and the results are eagerly awaited.

Gucci

Gucci has entered the world of non-fungible tokens (NFTs) with its first offering, “Aria.” This NFT is a four-minute video clip inspired by Gucci’s recent Aria collection and features the creative director Alessandro Michele’s runway presentation. The video showcases a surreal, post-COVID clubbing experience, which makes it a unique and exciting piece. The NFT was auctioned at Christie’s as part of a sale titled “PROOF OF SOVEREIGNTY: A Curated NFT Sale,” with all proceeds donated to UNICEF USA to support UNICEF’s role in COVAX. Gucci also collaborated with SuperRare to create an NFT marketplace called Vault Art Space, which features collectible fragments of the brand’s heritage.

Additionally, Gucci collaborated with Superplastic to create a limited series of NFTs called “SUPERGUCCI,” which Alessandro Michele and synthetic artists Janky & Guggimon co-created. The first drop incorporates House codes found in the Gucci Aria collection, while the second drop spotlights Guggimon embellished with the Gucci Love Parade. These collaborations showcase Gucci’s dedication to the world of NFTs and its commitment to exploring new possibilities in the digital space.

Porsche

Porsche has been exploring the world of non-fungible tokens (NFTs) since 2021. This journey began with an auction in August 2021, where a design sketch by chief exterior designer Peter Varga was sold as an NFT for a significant amount. Recently, Porsche introduced a collection of 7,500 NFTs, allowing owners to co-create their digital artwork.

The NFT collection features a white Porsche 911 Carrera with a personalized license plate that can be customized to reflect the owner’s personality. Porsche’s foray into NFTs aligns with its commitment to co-creation and community as it seeks to merge the physical and digital worlds. Porsche continues to explore the potential of NFTs and their role in creating unique and innovative customer experiences.

Red Bull Racing

Red Bull Racing has vigorously explored the vast possibilities of non-fungible tokens (NFTs) and blockchain technology. Through strategic partnerships with notable companies such as Oracle, Bybit, and Azuki, the team has rolled out an impressive array of limited-edition NFT collections. One of the most recent and sensational NFT collections released by Red Bull Racing is the Lei the Lightning Azuki, featuring a vivacious young racer in the Azuki universe with an unwavering aspiration to become an F1 driver. The NFT is conveniently available through Bybit’s NFT marketplace.

Adding more spice to their collection, the team has also released a bunch of limited edition NFTs of the RB16B, the iconic 2021 F1 car driven by the incredible Sergio “Checo” Perez, decorated with his signature livery. In addition to releasing NFT collections, Red Bull Racing has creatively pioneered NFT auctions during F1 race weekends.

One such auction was held during the electrifying Monaco Grand Prix weekend, where the highest bidder received a remarkable digital version of a one-of-a-kind Playseat simulator rig, alongside the rights to claim a physical version of the rig. This groundbreaking move has created a buzz and is the first time a blue-chip NFT finds its way onto an F1 race car.

The active involvement of these big brands in the fascinating world of NFTs is undoubtedly a sight to behold.

 Big Brands Working with Generative Artists

The narrative of big brands giving away a PFP (Profile Picture NFT) was a craze last year. Then twin NFT, which represents a digital twin, or virtual replica, of a physical object, helps to connect the Web2 folks to Web3 is a widely used concept. I even got my digital twin NFT.NYC tickets. But increasing, I see that big brands are working with generative artists to create centerpieces for their storefronts, wrapping paper to new product lines.

Generative art is a fascinating field that has recently captured the attention of prominent brands. Many companies are exploring how generative art can be used to create unique and imaginative experiences for their customers. Here are some examples of generative artists collaborating with big brands:

Adidas has collaborated with generative artist Joshua Davis to create a unique line of sneakers. Davis used code to create an algorithm that generated millions of different shoe design options. The resulting designs were then printed on the sneakers using a digital printing process. This collaboration demonstrates how generative art can be used to create personalized and customized products for customers.

Generative artist Refik Anadol has worked with major tech companies like Google and Microsoft to create immersive installations that use AI and machine learning to analyze and interpret large data sets. Anadol’s work explores the intersection of technology and art. His collaborations with big brands demonstrate how generative art can create cutting-edge experiences that push the boundaries of creativity and innovation.

Generative artist Rafael Lozano-Hemmer has worked with brands like BMW and Samsung to create interactive installations that engage audiences and promote brand awareness. His work often uses technology and data to create unique experiences that blur the line between art and advertising. Lozano-Hemmer’s collaborations with big brands demonstrate how generative art can create memorable and impactful experiences that connect with audiences in new and innovative ways.

A leading international gallery, Pace hosted an exhibition, QQL: Analogs, featuring generative artist Tyler Hobbs’ innovative works. This groundbreaking exhibition showcased 12 large-scale paintings based on Hobbs’ QQL algorithm. Visitors immersed themselves in the creative fusion of technology and art as the paintings were crafted using traditional techniques and robotic tools. Coinciding with the physical exhibition, for the very first time, Pace presented a metaverse gallery in collaboration with AOI.

This unique event highlighted the importance of generative art and the convergence of the digital and physical art worlds. I spoke to Tyler Hobbs, who said, “How can you work more humanly with the computer and the machine? And when you work by hand, take a more mechanical approach to work procedurally?” This statement got me thinking. Perhaps this is a new way and approach to looking at digital art. This is a very forward-thinking statement to many, and I believe it sets the right tone moving forward.

These examples demonstrate how generative artists collaborate with big brands to create imaginative experiences that engage audiences and promote brand awareness. By incorporating generative art into their designs, companies can create personalized and customized products, transform retail spaces into dynamic environments, and create immersive installations that push the boundaries of creativity and innovation.

Benefits of NFTs for Big Brands

The use of NFTs by big brands has been increasing in popularity to enhance their customer interactions. NFTs allow brands to create unique digital assets, which can be used to offer exclusive experiences or access to products or events. This can create a stronger bond between the brand and its customers, increasing brand loyalty.

It is also an effective way of increasing brand awareness. By creating limited edition or unique digital assets, brands can create exclusivity, generating buzz and excitement amongst customers. This can lead to increased engagement with the brand, as customers are more likely to want to interact with and purchase the NFTs before they run out.

One of the main benefits of using NFTs is the ability to promote marketing campaigns more engagingly. By creating interactive experiences through NFTs, brands can allow customers to participate in campaigns in a more immersive way. This can increase sales, as customers are more likely to purchase when they feel part of a campaign.

Some brands are using NFTs to offer collectible items for sale. These can be anything from designer eyewear to fast-food dishes. By creating unique and valuable digital collectibles, brands can provide customers with a new type of product, which can create a new revenue stream for the brand. Customers can also own a unique and valuable digital asset associated with the brand, enhancing their perception of the brand and increasing loyalty.

Potential Long-Term Value of NFT

Some consumer groups complain that big brands are trying to pull a fast cash grab on their fans. I do not think that the big brands are merely looking just using NFTs to make quick sales. They also realize the potential long-term value of these unique digital tokens, which is reflected in their stock prices and overall worth. These companies are embracing NFTs and exploring fresh ways to harness their one-of-a-kind properties, enabling them to position themselves for future growth and success.

These brands are gaining an edge in the cut-throat marketplace by taking a forward-thinking approach. They understand NFTs can create novel revenue streams, cultivate brand loyalty, and spur innovation. This proactive attitude toward emerging technologies draws investors who perceive the potential for future value creation.

The adoption of NFTs by big brands is not only profitable for the companies themselves but also for their shareholders. By investing in these visionary companies, shareholders can reap the benefits of future growth and success. NFTs are a strategic asset for these big brands as they leverage this innovative technology to create fresh growth and value-creation opportunities.

Summing Up

The emergence of big brands into the NFT arena has caused a stir in the market, and rightly so. It hints at the growing acceptance and recognition of NFTs as a lucrative tool for generating new revenue streams. This infusion of capital from big players in the industry is likely to spur the development of more creative and original NFT offerings, leading to increased brand engagement and community involvement.

Although there are still a few bumps to iron out, such as integrating sales models in virtual worlds, the market is anticipated to become more sophisticated. Metaverse could be the bridge to what we expect.

Like my friend AOI would say:

“It’s time we bring technology to the arts in a meaningful and immersive way. The metaverse should enhance the digital art experience.” As these obstacles are gradually resolved, it will become more straightforward to create and sell NFTs seamlessly and efficiently.

Another element that could contribute to the growth of the NFT market is the projected bull run in the crypto industry. During these periods of high market activity, cryptocurrencies, and blockchain technology tend to pique the interest and attention of investors. Consequently, it is highly plausible that the NFT market will experience substantial growth during the next bull run, attracting even more investment and attention from big brands and individuals alike.

In conclusion, the entrance of big brands into the NFT arena is a positive sign for the market, indicating increasing adoption and mainstream acceptance. As the market matures and gains more traction, we can look forward to more ingenious use cases and innovative applications of NFTs, leading to a more dynamic and vibrant ecosystem.

Ending off with the usual Anndy Lian quote:

“Your new asset is in the digital world. NFT is the new asset.”

 

 

 

Source: https://cryptoslate.com/nfts-and-big-brands-exploring-new-possibilities/

Anndy Lian is an early blockchain adopter and experienced serial entrepreneur who is known for his work in the government sector. He is a best selling book author- “NFT: From Zero to Hero” and “Blockchain Revolution 2030”.

Currently, he is appointed as the Chief Digital Advisor at Mongolia Productivity Organization, championing national digitization. Prior to his current appointments, he was the Chairman of BigONE Exchange, a global top 30 ranked crypto spot exchange and was also the Advisory Board Member for Hyundai DAC, the blockchain arm of South Korea’s largest car manufacturer Hyundai Motor Group. Lian played a pivotal role as the Blockchain Advisor for Asian Productivity Organisation (APO), an intergovernmental organization committed to improving productivity in the Asia-Pacific region.

An avid supporter of incubating start-ups, Anndy has also been a private investor for the past eight years. With a growth investment mindset, Anndy strategically demonstrates this in the companies he chooses to be involved with. He believes that what he is doing through blockchain technology currently will revolutionise and redefine traditional businesses. He also believes that the blockchain industry has to be “redecentralised”.

j j j