An industrial partnership between India’s Tata Electronics and Taiwan’s Powerchip Semiconductor Manufacturing Corporation plant in the western Indian state of Dholera is targeting to roll out its first batch of chips in December. Tata also signed a US$11 billion memorandum of understanding with Dutch technology giant ASML on May 16 to make advanced chips for industries ranging from car manufacturing to AI.

In for the long-term

Analysts say that building a semiconductor industry ecosystem requires strong implementation and planning over the long term because it needs a complex value chain divided into design, fabrication, as well as assembly and testing.

“Establishing a complete semiconductor ecosystem is a marathon, not a sprint,” said Anndy Lian, a Singapore-based adviser to governments on information technology systems.

He suggested that India build not only fabrication units for complex microchips and integrated circuits but also downstream systems to handle back-end processing after they are made. “These are less capital-intensive and faster to operationalise than fabs, allowing the country to build a skilled workforce and supplier network while major fabs remain under construction.”

Hard infrastructure is also vital because highly sensitive semiconductor manufacturing needs pure water, uninterrupted power and specialised chemicals. “A single voltage fluctuation can ruin a wafer batch. India must create plug-and-play industrial parks where utilities are guaranteed to international standards, not just promised,” Lian said.

Though India has lagged behind in semiconductor manufacturing such as the US, China and Taiwan, it has a strategic advantage because it has been a hub for semiconductor research and design. It has the world’s largest pool of chip design engineers – but lacks fab-floor operators – responsible for day-to-day manufacturing of silicon wafers – and process engineers who transform raw silicon into working microchips.

Bolstering its large talent pool would be a crucial “secret weapon” for India in gaining a competitive edge, Lian said, urging public-private partnerships with universities offering specialised semiconductor curricula. “The goal should be to move from Make in India to Engineer in India.”

According to a report by government think tank NITI Aayong in May, India imports 90 to 95 per cent of its semiconductors. This dependence could become a major economic and strategic vulnerability as domestic demand is projected to exceed US$200 billion by 2035.

India has already achieved its target of developing 85,000 semiconductor engineers in four years, against a target timeline of 10 years, according to the minister. Semiconductor design programmes are now offered in 355 universities across India, including institutions in smaller towns and cities.

Chip consciousness

In addition, the federal government runs programmes subsidising up to 50 per cent of project costs for semiconductor manufacturing, supplemented by support from state governments.

Indian policymakers were conscious about the criticality of semiconductors in technology systems, said Sunil Sinha, an economics professor at the Institute for Development and Communication in Chandigarh.

“That is why there is a serious effort to increase semiconductor production in India. Still, the issue is not just production of chips but what generation chips you are producing. Is it something on which AI can ride upon?” he asked.

Raj Kapoor, founder and CEO of India Blockchain Alliance said that the second phase of India’s semiconductor mission showed there was growing recognition that the challenge would be to not just build fabrication facilities but an entire ecosystem to support them.

While the Tata-ASML agreement showed India’s intent for advanced chipmaking, the true test would be translating that into access for the country’s longer-term semiconductor ambitions, he said.

India’s strategy is notably different from the technological race pursued by the global semiconductor leaders to produce cutting-edge chips. Delhi appeared more focused on manufacturing chips where “demand remains substantial and barriers to entry are lower”, Kapoor said.

Still, Sinha said, even the most basic chips would have a significant economic impact because that meant local industries would not need to import them.